The Portrayal of Force, Fraud, and Coercion Within Northern Ohio Federal Sex Trafficking Trials -- 2010-2013

Human trafficking is often considered to be one of the three largest criminal enterprises worldwide, ranking beside the sale of illegal drugs and illicit firearms (Bales, 2004, 2007 Bales & Doodalter, 2009 Hussein, 2011 Schauer & Wheaton, 2006 Skinner, 2008). National estimates suggest that 100,000-300,000 American, school-aged children are at-risk for sex trafficking (Department of Homeland Security, 2014) while there is only a one percent arrest and conviction record for traffickers (Bales, 2007). This dissertation explored the portrayal of force, fraud, and coercion within federal domestic minor sex trafficking (DMST) trials of Northern Ohio from 2010-2013 so as to gain a greater understanding of the contributing factors that make individuals vulnerable to the phenomenon. DMST occurs when a commercial sex act is induced by force, fraud or coercion, or in which the person induced to perform such act has not attained 18 years of age (U.S. Department of State, 2011). Data were examined via qualitative means by conducting a narrative analysis of existing court documentation of fifteen confirmed DMST cases, guided by critical theory and feminist epistemology. Findings revealed dimensions of individual agency in tension with structural and cultural conditions as well as a complex set of factors contributing to the persistence and legal response to sex trafficking. The examined episodes of DMST were initiated via factors that included fraudulent documents, economic instability, emotional dependency, drug addiction, reliance on an informal/underground economy, and lack of educational attainment. DMST continued through factors including physical force, coercion, indebtedness, feelings of belonging, the leveraging of an intimate relationship, financial arrangements, and the reliance on an informal/underground economy. The episode of DMST was terminated via law enforcement involvement, voluntary departure, familial involvement, ending the use of illegal drugs, and coming into a period of economic stabil

DEĞİŞİK UÇUCU KÜLLERİN YÜKSEK PLASTİSİTELİ KİLİN SERBEST BASINÇ DAYANIMINA ETKİSİ

This paper presents an experimental investigation into the stabilization of a soft clayobtained from a military zone in Izmir with two different fly ashes. 5, 10, 15 and 20 % by weight of thesoil was replaced with fly ash. In addition to the neat soil sample, the optimum moisture contents andmaximum dry unit weights of four soil-fly ash mixtures prepared from each fly ash were determined byStandard Proctor Tests. The unconfined compressive strengths of the samples prepared at optimummoisture contents were determined at 1, 7, 28 and 90 days. It was found that, inclusion of fly ashimproved the properties of the soil. The improvements were more pronounced with increasing fly ashcontent of the mixture and lime content of the fly ash. The fact was attributed to the pozzolanic reactionand pore refinement effect of fly ash as well as its free lime content.Bu çalışmada, İzmir Çiğli Jet Üssünden temin edilen bir tip yumuşak kilin, iki farklı uçucu kül ilestabilizasyonu üzerine bir deneysel araştırma sunulmaktadır. Bu amaçla, kuru kil ağırlığının % 5, 10, 15ve 20’si oranlarında uçucu kül içeren farklı uçucu kül-kil karışımları hazırlanmıştır. Katkısız zemine ekolarak, kireç içeriği farklı iki uçucu külden yukarıda verilen oranlarda kül eklenerek hazırlanan dördernumunenin Standart Proktor deneyi ile optimum su muhtevaları ve maksimum kuru birim hacimağırlıkları belirlenmiştir. Optimum su muhtevasında sıkıştırılarak hazırlanan uçucu kül-zeminnumunelerinin, 1, 7, 28 ve 90 günlük serbest basınç dayanımları ölçülmüştür. Deneysel çalışma sonunda,eklenen uçucu külün zeminin serbest basınç mukavemetini artırdığı görülmüştür. Bu artışın uçucu kültipine bağlı olarak değişimler gösterdiği tespit edilmiştir. Artan kül içeriği ve külün kireç içeriğine bağlıolan bu artışlar, puzolanik reaksiyon, uçucu külün boşlukları doldurma etkisi ve uçucu külün serbestkireç içeriğinin etkisi ile açıklanabilir

Kalker ve klinker özelliklerinin kalkerli çimento özelliklerine etkisi

Bu tezde, klinker ve kalker tipinin, öğütülerek hazırlanan kalkerli çimentoların özelliklerine olan etkisi araştırılmıştır. Ayrıca, kalker miktarının, alçı miktarının, çimento inceliğinin ve üretim yönteminin etkileri de çalışma kapsamında araştırılmıştır. Deneylerde, iki tip kalker ve iki tip klinker kullanılmıştır. Birlikte ve ayrı olmak üzere iki öğütme yöntemi ile çalışılmıştır. Çimentoların kalker yüzdeleri, %0, 6, 21 ve 35 olarak seçilmiştir. Hazırlanan çimentoların standart özellikleri belirlenmiş, seçilen numuneler üzerinde mikroyapı incelemeleri yapılmış ve çimentoların sülfat dirençlerinin değerlendirilmesi için genleşme ve tomasit oluşumunun değerlendirilmesi için basınç dayanımı ölçümleri yapılmıştır. Çalışmanın birinci bölümü çalışmanın amaç ve kapsamı, ikinci bölümü kalkerin çimento özelliklerine etkisi ile ilgili bilgileri içermektedir. Üçüncü ve dördüncü bölümler, deneysel çalışma, deney sonuçları ve değerlendirilmesi için ayrılmıştır. Beşinci bölümde ise elde edilen sonuçlar özetlenmiştir

Compressive strength and sulfate resistance of limestone and/or silica fume mortars

WOS: 000295754200073In this study, compressive strength and sulfate resistance of mortars containing silica fume and/or limestone in different replacement levels were examined. For this purpose, limestone was used as 5%, 20%, 35% and silica fume was used as 5%, 10%, 15% by weight of cement. Sixteen different blended cements were prepared containing limestone and/or silica fume in different ratios. Mortar mixtures were prepared using these 16 cements. Flow values and 2, 7, 28, 90, 180 day-compressive strengths of the mortar mixtures were determined. In addition, sulfate resistances of mortars were separately determined in sodium and magnesium sulfate solutions. Consequently, it was seen that negative effect of silica fume on workability of mortars and limestone on compressive strength of mortars can be compensated by using limestone and silica fume together. Simultaneous use of limestone and silica fume was showed to increase sulfate resistance of mortars. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved

Evaluation of high temperature effects on concrete-reinforcement bar bond using automated digital image processing

581-586<span style="font-size:9.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;font-family:" times="" new="" roman";mso-ansi-language:en-us"="" lang="EN-US">Behavior of reinforced concrete is strongly affected by bonding between concrete and reinforcing bar. It is well known that adherence among concrete and reinforcing bar is remarkably influenced by several properties of reinforced concrete including compressive strength, tensile strength and cover depth. On the other hand, adherence of reinforcing bar is influenced from cross-sectional dimension, embedment length, corrosion and curing conditions. Another significant parameter which adversely affects bonding between concrete and reinforcing bar is high temperature. Thereby, in this investigation, an experimental study is performed to assess the effect of high temperatures on several properties of reinforced concrete. Consequently, an attempt is made to establish correlations among the determined parameters designating the bonding between concrete and reinforcement bar. Additionally, image processing techniques are utilized to quantify the morphological properties of cracks occurred. It is found that, when temperature rises beyond 500oC, behavior of reinforced concrete is dominated by bonding between concrete and reinforcing bar, rather than individual mechanical properties of concrete and reinforcing bar. </span

Prediction of Impact Resistance Properties of Concrete Using Radial Basis Function Networks

3rd International Conference on Computational and Experimental Science and Engineering (ICCESEN) -- OCT 19-24, 2016 -- Antalya, TURKEYWOS: 000413982900061This study presents an investigation of the prediction of impact resistance of steel-fiber-reinforced concrete and ordinary concrete specimens. In the experimental part of this study, parameters identifying impact resistance of various concrete mixtures were determined using an impact test machine, in accordance with ACI Committee 544. For this aim, concrete specimens containing three different aggregates (basalt, limestone and natural aggregate) were cured in water at 20 degrees C for 28 days. After curing impact resistance tests were performed on specimens having compressive strength values between 20 and 50 MPa, to determine the blows to initial crack and failure. The specimens were also subjected to splitting tensile strength and ultrasonic pulse velocity tests. Initially, using blows to initial crack and failure, many attempts were made to classify the impact resistance of different types of concrete in terms of the origin of used aggregate, strength properties or ultrasonic pulse velocity, however, this made no sense. The specimens could only be classified in terms of steel fiber presence. Therefore, radial basis function network, which belongs to another kind of unsupervised classifier network, was used to estimate the two above-mentioned impact resistance parameters. In this scope, independent from aggregate origin used in preparation of specimens, compressive strength, splitting tensile strength and ultrasonic pulse velocity of the specimens were used to predict the impact resistance parameters of the concrete specimens. The results revealed that three listed parameters can be used for estimation of blows to formation of initial crack and failure. Scatter plots, root mean square error and absolute value of average residual parameters were used to verify the errors in predictions, which were very low, compared with the uncertainty in test and ambiguity of data in hand

Usage of steel slag in concrete as fine and/or coarse aggregate

WOS: 000359502200013In this study, the use of steel slag as fine and/or coarse aggregate in concrete is investigated. For this purpose, 12 different concrete mixtures with different water/cement ratios of 0.40, 0.55 and 0.70 which include steel slag aggregate as fine and/or coarse aggregate are prepared. Compressive strength, split tensile strength, flexural strength, freeze-thaw resistance and water penetration depth of concrete mixtures containing steel slag aggregate are examined in comparison with concrete mixtures prepared by using crushed limestone aggregate. Eventually, concrete mixtures containing coarse steel slag show better performance than concrete mixtures containing limestone aggregate. Concrete mixtures containing fine steel slag show worse performance in comparison with concrete mixtures containing limestone aggregate.Scientific and Technological Research Council of TurkeyTurkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Arastirma Kurumu (TUBITAK) [107M607]This study was funded by the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (Project number: 107M607)

Farklı kür yöntemlerinin uçucu kül içeren harçların eğilme ve basınç dayanımına etkisi

In this study the effect of accelerated curing on the early flexural and compressive strengths of fly ash mortars were investigated. In the mortar mixtures CEM I 42.5 R type cement and C class C fly ash with different proportions were used. 40/40/160 mm prismatic specimens were prepared from these mortars. The mortar samples cured at 7 different curing conditions. Curing conditions are standard curing, 35 ;deg;C and 85 ;deg;C hot water curing. These curing conditions applied on specimens for different times. Flexural and compressive strengths were performed on the mortar specimens. Obtained test results were comparatively evaluated. The results of this study revealed that, early age strength gain under standard curing conditions due to fly ash inclusion can be compensated by accelerated curing.Bu çalışmada; farklı miktarlarda uçucu kül içeren harçların erken yaşlardaki basınç ve eğilme dayanımlarına hızlandırılmış kür uygulamalarının etkisi incelenmiştir. Harç karışımlarında; bağlayıcı olarak CEM I 42.5 R tip çimento ve değişik oranlarda C sınıfı uçucu kül kullanılmıştır. Üretilen harçlardan 40/40/160 mm ayrıtlı prizmatik örnekler dökülerek 7 farklı kür uygulamasına tabi tutulmuştur. Kür uygulamaları standart kür, 35 °C ve 85 °C'de sıcak su kürü şeklinde ve farklı sürelerde yapılmıştır. Uygulanan kür işlemleri sonrasında harç örnekler üzerinde ortadan tekil yüklemeli eğilme ve eğilme sonrası tek eksenli basınç deneyleri gerçekleştirilmiştir. Elde edilen sonuçlar karşılaştırmalı olarak değerlendirilmiştir. Çalışma sonucunda; standart kür koşulları altında uçucu kül ikamesinin erken yaşta oluşturduğu basınç dayanım kaybının sıcak su kürü uygulaması ile telafi edilebileceği görülmüştür

THE EFFECT OF AGGREGATE MAXIMUM SIZE ON IMPACT RESISTANCE OF FIBER REINFORCED CONCRETE

In this study, the effect of maximum size of aggregate on impact resistance of fiber reinforced concrete were investigated. Using crushed limestone aggregate with 10, 15, 20 and 25 mm of maximum size, 8 different normal-steel fiber reinforced concretes were produced. Water/cement ratio and cement dosage of concrete mixtures are 0.5 and 400 kg/m3, respectively. Hooked-end bundled steel fibers with l/d ratio of 65 and 1.0% fiber volume were used in fiber concretes. After 28 days standard curing, compressive strength, split tensile strength and ultrasonic pulse velocity tests were performed on 150/150/150 mm cube specimens. Additionally, impact resistances of concrete specimens were determined using impact test apparatus described in ACI 544.3R-93. 150x300 mm cylinders were prepared for impact resistance tests. After 28 days curing, these specimens were cut and 150x64 mm special discs were prepared. Impact resistance test were performed on these special discs. Experimental results were evaluated corresponding to presence of steel fiber and aggregate maximum size